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major candidate

  • 1 основной кандидат

    Русско-английский политический словарь > основной кандидат

  • 2 основной кандидат

    Новый русско-английский словарь > основной кандидат

  • 3 основной кандидат

    кандидат, имеющий большие шансы на успех — strong candidate

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > основной кандидат

  • 4 список кандидатов

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > список кандидатов

  • 5 выдвигающий кандидата

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > выдвигающий кандидата

  • 6 главный ключ

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > главный ключ

  • 7 presidencia

    f.
    presidency.
    * * *
    1 PLÍTICA presidency
    2 (de una empresa) chairmanship, US presidency
    3 (de un club, sociedad) presidency
    4 (de una reunión) chairmanship
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=gobierno) [de nación] presidency; [de comité] chairmanship

    ocupar la presidencia de — [+ empresa] to be the president of; [+ comité] to be the chairman of

    2)

    Presidencia — (=oficina) Prime Minister's office

    * * *
    a) (Gob, Pol) ( cargo) presidency
    b) (de compañía, banco) presidency (esp AmE), chairmanship (BrE); (de reunión, comité) chairmanship, chair
    * * *
    = presidency, presidentship, chairmanship.
    Ex. What the presidency needs is a job description; not one carved in a tablet of stone and certainly not one which would form all future presidents in the same sanitised mould.
    Ex. Dr. Greg during his presidentship did his utmost to procure help for making a start with a special catalogue of English books from 1641 to 1700.
    Ex. To reward him with a major committee chairmanship would be a slap in the face of millions of Americans who want to see real change in our country.
    ----
    * candidato a la presidencia = presidential candidate, presidential candidate.
    * * *
    a) (Gob, Pol) ( cargo) presidency
    b) (de compañía, banco) presidency (esp AmE), chairmanship (BrE); (de reunión, comité) chairmanship, chair
    * * *
    = presidency, presidentship, chairmanship.

    Ex: What the presidency needs is a job description; not one carved in a tablet of stone and certainly not one which would form all future presidents in the same sanitised mould.

    Ex: Dr. Greg during his presidentship did his utmost to procure help for making a start with a special catalogue of English books from 1641 to 1700.
    Ex: To reward him with a major committee chairmanship would be a slap in the face of millions of Americans who want to see real change in our country.
    * candidato a la presidencia = presidential candidate, presidential candidate.

    * * *
    1 ( Gob, Pol) (cargo) presidency
    candidato a la presidencia presidential candidate
    ocupar la presidencia del gobierno to preside over the government, to be the head of government
    la orden viene de la Presidencia the order comes from the President's office
    presidencia por rotación revolving presidency
    2 (de una compañía, un banco) presidency ( esp AmE), chairmanship ( BrE)
    presidencia de honor honorary presidency o chairmanship
    3 (de una reunión, un comité) chairmanship, chair
    Compuesto:
    ( Méx) town hall
    * * *

    presidencia sustantivo femenino
    a) (Gob, Pol) ( cargo) presidency;


    b) (de compañía, banco) presidency (esp AmE), chairmanship (BrE);

    (de reunión, comité) chairmanship, chair
    presidencia sustantivo femenino
    1 Pol presidency
    2 (en una empresa, reunión) chairmanship
    ' presidencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    disputar
    - mesa
    - terna
    - candidato
    English:
    chair
    - consuming
    - presidency
    * * *
    1. [de nación] presidency;
    el candidato a la presidencia the presidential candidate;
    ocupar la presidencia del gobierno to be the head of government;
    durante la presidencia de Ford during Ford's presidency, while Ford was president
    2. [de asamblea, empresa, reunión] chairmanship, chair;
    ocupa la presidencia del banco he is chairman of the bank;
    la presidencia tiene la palabra the chair has the floor
    presidencia de honor honorary presidency
    3. Méx presidencia municipal [corporación] Br town council, US city council;
    [edificio] Br town hall, US city hall
    * * *
    f de gobierno, organización presidency; de compañía presidency, Br
    chairmanship; de comité chairmanship;
    bajo la presidencia de … when … was president, under the presidency of …
    * * *
    1) : presidency
    2) : chairmanship

    Spanish-English dictionary > presidencia

  • 8 estudiante

    adj.
    student.
    f. & m.
    student.
    estudiante universitario university student
    * * *
    1 student
    * * *
    noun mf.
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino y femenino ( de universidad) student; ( de secundaria) (high-school) student (AmE), (secondary school) pupil (BrE)

    estudiante de Derecho/Inglés — law/English student

    * * *
    Ex. Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    ----
    * atención al estudiante = student services.
    * basado en el estudiante = student-centred.
    * centrado en el estudiante = student-centred.
    * descuento por ser estudiante = student rate.
    * estudiante a distancia = distance student.
    * estudiante adulto = mature student.
    * estudiante con buenas notas = high achiever.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * estudiante de cursos superiores = upperclassman.
    * estudiante de diplomatura = undergraduate, undergraduate student, honours student.
    * estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.
    * estudiante de empresariales = business student.
    * estudiante de enseñanza superior = tertiary student.
    * estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.
    * estudiante de licenciatura = graduate student.
    * estudiante de magisterio = student teacher.
    * estudiante de matrícula libre = external student.
    * estudiante de medicina = medical student.
    * estudiante de penúltimo año = junior student, junior.
    * estudiante de primaria = elementary student.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * estudiante de recuperación = remedial.
    * estudiante de segundo año = sophomore.
    * estudiante destacado = achiever.
    * estudiante de último año = senior student, senior.
    * estudiante de último curso = final year student.
    * estudiante de un día a la semana = day release student.
    * estudiante escogido para pronunciar el discurso de despedida en la cere = valedictorian.
    * estudiante externo = off campus student.
    * estudiante extranjero = foreign student, overseas student, international student, exchange student.
    * estudiante fracasado = dropout, high-school dropout, school dropout.
    * estudiante posterior a la diplomatura = postgraduate student.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * estudiantes = school population, student body.
    * estudiante superdotado = gifted achiever.
    * estudiante trabajador = student worker.
    * estudiante universitario = university student, college student.
    * estudiante universitario de primer año = college freshman.
    * estudiante universitario de último curso = senior major.
    * estudiante universitario externo = off-campus university student.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudiante virtual = e-learner (electronic learner).
    * generación de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * habitación de residencia de estudiantes = dorm room.
    * intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.
    * precio para estudiantes = student rate.
    * promoción de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * representante de los estudiantes = student representative.
    * residencia de estudiantes = dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, students' home, hall of residence, residence hall, student residence.
    * sala de estudiantes = student common room.
    * servicios a los estudiantes = student services.
    * servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.
    * sindicato de estudiantes = students' union.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino ( de universidad) student; ( de secundaria) (high-school) student (AmE), (secondary school) pupil (BrE)

    estudiante de Derecho/Inglés — law/English student

    * * *

    Ex: Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.

    * atención al estudiante = student services.
    * basado en el estudiante = student-centred.
    * centrado en el estudiante = student-centred.
    * descuento por ser estudiante = student rate.
    * estudiante a distancia = distance student.
    * estudiante adulto = mature student.
    * estudiante con buenas notas = high achiever.
    * estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.
    * estudiante de ciencias de la educación = education student, student teacher.
    * estudiante de cursos superiores = upperclassman.
    * estudiante de diplomatura = undergraduate, undergraduate student, honours student.
    * estudiante de doctorado = doctoral student, Ph.D. candidate, Ph.D. student, doctoral candidate, doctoral graduate.
    * estudiante de empresariales = business student.
    * estudiante de enseñanza superior = tertiary student.
    * estudiante de intercambio = exchange student.
    * estudiante de licenciatura = graduate student.
    * estudiante de magisterio = student teacher.
    * estudiante de matrícula libre = external student.
    * estudiante de medicina = medical student.
    * estudiante de penúltimo año = junior student, junior.
    * estudiante de primaria = elementary student.
    * estudiante de primer año = freshman [freshmen, -pl.], first-year student.
    * estudiante de recuperación = remedial.
    * estudiante de segundo año = sophomore.
    * estudiante destacado = achiever.
    * estudiante de último año = senior student, senior.
    * estudiante de último curso = final year student.
    * estudiante de un día a la semana = day release student.
    * estudiante escogido para pronunciar el discurso de despedida en la cere = valedictorian.
    * estudiante externo = off campus student.
    * estudiante extranjero = foreign student, overseas student, international student, exchange student.
    * estudiante fracasado = dropout, high-school dropout, school dropout.
    * estudiante posterior a la diplomatura = postgraduate student.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * estudiante que ha completado los estudios secundarios = high school graduate, high school leaver.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * estudiantes = school population, student body.
    * estudiante superdotado = gifted achiever.
    * estudiante trabajador = student worker.
    * estudiante universitario = university student, college student.
    * estudiante universitario de primer año = college freshman.
    * estudiante universitario de último curso = senior major.
    * estudiante universitario externo = off-campus university student.
    * estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.
    * estudiante virtual = e-learner (electronic learner).
    * generación de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * habitación de residencia de estudiantes = dorm room.
    * intercambio de estudiantes = student exchange.
    * precio para estudiantes = student rate.
    * promoción de estudiantes = cohort of students.
    * representante de los estudiantes = student representative.
    * residencia de estudiantes = dormitory [dorm, -abbr.], dorm, students' home, hall of residence, residence hall, student residence.
    * sala de estudiantes = student common room.
    * servicios a los estudiantes = student services.
    * servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.
    * sindicato de estudiantes = students' union.

    * * *
    (de universidad) student, college student ( AmE), university student ( BrE); (de secundaria) (high-school) student ( AmE), (secondary school) pupil ( BrE)
    estudiante de Derecho/Inglés law/English student
    no trabaja, es estudiante she doesn't have a job, she's a student o she's at university ( o college etc)
    * * *

     

    estudiante sustantivo masculino y femenino ( de universidad) student;
    ( de secundaria) (high-school) student (AmE), (secondary school) pupil (BrE)
    estudiante mf student
    ' estudiante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    carnet
    - expediente
    - también
    - tiempo
    - universitaria
    - universitario
    - aplazar
    - aplicado
    - aprobar
    - aprovechado
    - asiduo
    - bochar
    - carné
    - concienzudo
    - de
    - empollar
    - encaminar
    - flojo
    - licenciar
    - mechón
    - modelo
    - provecho
    - remitir
    - reprobar
    - torpedo
    English:
    advanced
    - appreciative
    - apt
    - erase
    - exchange
    - expel
    - go up
    - learner
    - mark
    - medic
    - medical
    - most
    - progress
    - scholar
    - senior
    - serious
    - student
    - undergraduate
    - year
    - fresh
    - junior
    - postgraduate
    - sophomore
    - under
    - -year
    * * *
    [de universidad, secundaria] student; [de primaria] schoolchild, pupil;
    una estudiante de Medicina a medical student;
    un bar de estudiantes a student bar
    * * *
    m/f student
    * * *
    : student
    * * *
    estudiante n student

    Spanish-English dictionary > estudiante

  • 9 defender

    v.
    1 to defend.
    defender los intereses de alguien to defend somebody's interests
    defendió su teoría con sólidos argumentos he supported his theory with sound arguments
    Elsa defiende su posición Elsa defends her position.
    Elsa defiende los derechos humanos Elsa defends human rights.
    2 to protect (proteger) (del frío, calor).
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ENTENDER], like link=entender entender
    1 (gen) to defend (contra/de, against)
    2 (mantener una opinión, afirmación) to defend, uphold; (respaldar a alguien) to stand up for, support
    3 (proteger) to protect (contra/de, against/from)
    4 DERECHO (algo) to argue, plead; (a alguien) to defend
    1 (espabilarse) to manage, get by, get along
    ■ ¿qué tal se defiende en inglés? how does she get by in English?, what's her English like?
    \
    defender una causa DERECHO to argue a case
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (Mil) [+ país, territorio, intereses] to defend; [+ causa, ideas] to defend, champion; (Jur) to defend

    el Real Madrid defiende el título de campeón — Real Madrid are defending the championship title, Real Madrid are the defending champions

    defiendo la tesis doctoral el mes que viene — I'm having a viva on o (EEUU) I'm defending my doctoral thesis next month

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( proteger) <guarnición/nación> to defend, protect; < persona> to defend

    siempre defiende a su hermana — he always defends o stands up for his sister

    defender a alguien de algo/alguien — to defend somebody against something/somebody

    b) < intereses> to protect, defend; <derechos/título> to defend
    c) (Der) to defend
    d) <idea/teoría/opinión> to defend, uphold; <causa/ideal> to champion, defend

    defender la tesis — ≈to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)

    2.
    defenderse v pron
    a) (refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; (Der) to defend oneself

    defenderse de algo/alguien — to defend oneself against something/somebody

    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq)
    * * *
    = advocate, argue, argue + in favour of, be + Posesivo + contention, contend, defend, espouse, maintain, make + apology, make + a case for, plead for, put + the case for, uphold, crusade for, preach, preach, champion, speak up for, speak up for, articulate + the case for, present + case for, mount + defence, strike + a blow for, raise + the flag of, come down in + favour of, stick up for, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, stand for.
    Ex. In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.
    Ex. Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.
    Ex. Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.
    Ex. It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    Ex. The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.
    Ex. A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.
    Ex. Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex. My perspective, for which I make no apology, is that of someone who works daily with the nitty-gritty of cataloging, as many of you do.
    Ex. This point-by-point evaluation makes a fairly convincing case for the public access online catalogue.
    Ex. I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex. A more moderate approach is found in the writings of Olding, who puts the case for multiple entry very concisely in a short pamphlet.
    Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex. There are also dedicated individuals within government who have found a niche from which to crusade for school libraries.
    Ex. A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex. A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex. In particular he championed free photoduplication of library materials as a natural extension of library services to patrons at a distance.
    Ex. Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex. Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex. Moreover, in addition to quantitative measures, qualitative indicators of benefits should be considered so as to present a complete picture when articulating the case for a library's total positive impact.
    Ex. An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.
    Ex. The author mounts a spirited defence of the National Library of Australia future collecting priorities.
    Ex. In an effort to save US culture, strike a blow for reading, and correct well intentioned but misguided notions about the Internet making libraries obsolete, offers ten reasons why the Internet is no substitute for a library..
    Ex. The Augustinian order kept his theological tradition, and raised the flag of the Augustinian thought before and after the German reformer.
    Ex. The author comes down in favour of adding notes to cataloguing records on the grounds that the educational purpose that they are intended to serve is clear.
    Ex. He states that he has always admired Woody Allen, explaining that when he first saw his films he was happy to see that someone was sticking up for the little guy.
    Ex. It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex. I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex. The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex. I will stand for your rights as my forefathers did before me!.
    ----
    * defender a = put + a word in for.
    * defender a Alguien = stand up for.
    * defender Algo = argue + Posesivo + corner.
    * defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.
    * defender el honor de Uno = defend + Posesivo + honour.
    * defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * defender la causa de = further + the cause of.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * defender lo indenfensible = defend + the indefensible.
    * defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * defender + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + caso = take up + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + causa = advance + Posesivo + cause.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + postura = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * defenderse = bite back, stand up, strike back, fight back, fight for + Posesivo + life.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * defenderse por uno mismo = fend for + Reflexivo.
    * defender una causa = promote + cause, support + cause, champion + cause.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * defender un argumento = support + view.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * saber defenderse = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( proteger) <guarnición/nación> to defend, protect; < persona> to defend

    siempre defiende a su hermana — he always defends o stands up for his sister

    defender a alguien de algo/alguien — to defend somebody against something/somebody

    b) < intereses> to protect, defend; <derechos/título> to defend
    c) (Der) to defend
    d) <idea/teoría/opinión> to defend, uphold; <causa/ideal> to champion, defend

    defender la tesis — ≈to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)

    2.
    defenderse v pron
    a) (refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; (Der) to defend oneself

    defenderse de algo/alguien — to defend oneself against something/somebody

    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq)
    * * *
    = advocate, argue, argue + in favour of, be + Posesivo + contention, contend, defend, espouse, maintain, make + apology, make + a case for, plead for, put + the case for, uphold, crusade for, preach, preach, champion, speak up for, speak up for, articulate + the case for, present + case for, mount + defence, strike + a blow for, raise + the flag of, come down in + favour of, stick up for, stand by, rally (a)round, rally behind, stand for.

    Ex: In order to understand the citation order that PRECIS indexing advocates it is necessary to examine the function of the operators more closely.

    Ex: Cutter argued that when it could be established that the second term was definitely more significant then inversion of headings was acceptable.
    Ex: Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.
    Ex: It is our contention that an understanding of such basic principles is fundamental to an appreciation of the many and varied contexts that the individual is likely to encounter.
    Ex: The author contends that it is possible to view the search conducted with the aid of a series of menus as having strong similarities with the search through the hierarchy of a enumerative classification scheme.
    Ex: A respondent is a candidate for a degree who, in an academic disputation, defends or opposes a thesis proposed by the praeses (q.v.); also called the defendant.
    Ex: Most respondents espoused the latter view as an appropriate response to IT developments to date.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex: My perspective, for which I make no apology, is that of someone who works daily with the nitty-gritty of cataloging, as many of you do.
    Ex: This point-by-point evaluation makes a fairly convincing case for the public access online catalogue.
    Ex: I would plead for more standardization, not less, because I think whatever we do is going to be imperfect.
    Ex: A more moderate approach is found in the writings of Olding, who puts the case for multiple entry very concisely in a short pamphlet.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: There are also dedicated individuals within government who have found a niche from which to crusade for school libraries.
    Ex: A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex: A major failing of the information industry is that its members tend to preach to one another whereas what they should be doing is talking to everyone else outside the information industry.
    Ex: In particular he championed free photoduplication of library materials as a natural extension of library services to patrons at a distance.
    Ex: Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex: Many people voiced fears that volunteers would be used to take over paid jobs from the workforce, but others spoke up for volunteers saying that in many cases they had created extra jobs for the permanent staff.
    Ex: Moreover, in addition to quantitative measures, qualitative indicators of benefits should be considered so as to present a complete picture when articulating the case for a library's total positive impact.
    Ex: An MP, a barrister, and a financial consultant present the case for charging Value Added Tax (VAT) on books.
    Ex: The author mounts a spirited defence of the National Library of Australia future collecting priorities.
    Ex: In an effort to save US culture, strike a blow for reading, and correct well intentioned but misguided notions about the Internet making libraries obsolete, offers ten reasons why the Internet is no substitute for a library..
    Ex: The Augustinian order kept his theological tradition, and raised the flag of the Augustinian thought before and after the German reformer.
    Ex: The author comes down in favour of adding notes to cataloguing records on the grounds that the educational purpose that they are intended to serve is clear.
    Ex: He states that he has always admired Woody Allen, explaining that when he first saw his films he was happy to see that someone was sticking up for the little guy.
    Ex: It's hard to believe she stands by a man who gets his kicks out of beating her black and blue everynight.
    Ex: I recalled how bereft we felt when we lost our son and how friends and neighbours rallied round and offered a shoulder to cry on.
    Ex: The second group, who rallied behind McCarthy, was composed of students and intellectuals who were vociferous against the war.
    Ex: I will stand for your rights as my forefathers did before me!.
    * defender a = put + a word in for.
    * defender a Alguien = stand up for.
    * defender Algo = argue + Posesivo + corner.
    * defender el fuerte = hold + the fortress.
    * defender el honor de Uno = defend + Posesivo + honour.
    * defender enérgicamente = be vociferous about/in.
    * defender la causa de = further + the cause of.
    * defender la necesidad = articulate + the need.
    * defender la necesidad de = support + the case for.
    * defender lo indenfensible = defend + the indefensible.
    * defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.
    * defender los intereses = defend + interests, lobby for + interests.
    * defender los intereses de = go to + bat for, bat for.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * defender + Posesivo + argumento = support + Posesivo + case, buttress + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + caso = take up + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + causa = advance + Posesivo + cause.
    * defender + Posesivo + idea = support + Posesivo + case.
    * defender + Posesivo + postura = argue + Posesivo + case.
    * defenderse = bite back, stand up, strike back, fight back, fight for + Posesivo + life.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * defenderse por uno mismo = fend for + Reflexivo.
    * defender una causa = promote + cause, support + cause, champion + cause.
    * defender una idea = champion + idea.
    * defender un argumento = support + view.
    * defender un opinión = support + view.
    * saber defenderse = hold + Posesivo + own.

    * * *
    defender [E8 ]
    vt
    1 (proteger) ‹guarnición/nación› to defend, protect; ‹persona› to defend
    siempre defiende a su hermana he always defends o protects o stands up for his sister
    defender a algn DE algo/algn to defend sb AGAINST sth/sb
    la defendió de las acusaciones/de sus atacantes he defended her against the accusations/against her attackers
    2 ‹intereses› to protect, defend; ‹derechos› to defend; ‹título› to defend
    3 ( Der) ‹caso› to defend; ‹acusado/cliente› to defend
    4 ‹idea/teoría/opinión› to defend, uphold; ‹causa/ideal› to champion, defend
    defender la tesis ≈ to defend one's dissertation ( in US), ≈ to have a viva on one's thesis ( in UK)
    1 ( refl) (contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself; ( Der) to defend oneself defenderse DE algo/algn to defend oneself AGAINST sth/sb
    2 ( fam) (arreglárselas) to get by ( colloq)
    me defiendo bastante bien en francés I can get by quite well in French
    ¿sabes jugar al tenis? — bueno, me defiendo can you play tennis? — well, I'm not too bad ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    defender ( conjugate defender) verbo transitivo
    to defend;
    ‹ intereses› to protect;
    defender a algo/algn de algo/algn to defend sth/sb against sth/sb
    defenderse verbo pronominal
    a) ( refl) ( contra una agresión) to defend o protect oneself;

    (Der) to defend oneself;
    defenderse de algo/algn to defend oneself against sth/sb
    b) (fam) ( arreglárselas) to get by (colloq);


    defender verbo transitivo to defend [contra, against] [de, from]
    ' defender' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    defensa
    - defensor
    - defensora
    - muerte
    - resguardar
    - uña
    - unirse
    - valedor
    - valedora
    - defienda
    English:
    argue
    - defend
    - defender
    - guard
    - leg
    - plead
    - speak up
    - stand up
    - stick up for
    - uphold
    - advocate
    - champion
    - speak
    - stand
    - stick
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [país, ideas] to defend;
    [amigo] to stand up for; Dep [contrario, delantero] to mark;
    defender a alguien de algo to defend sb from o against sth;
    defender los derechos/intereses de alguien to defend sb's rights/interests;
    defendió su teoría con sólidos argumentos he supported his theory with sound arguments;
    defender la tesis [en universidad] Br ≈ to have one's viva, US ≈ to defend one's dissertation;
    Dep
    defender el título to defend the title;
    defender algo a capa y espada to defend sth tooth and nail
    2. [reo, acusado] to defend
    3. [proteger] [del frío, calor] to protect (de against)
    ♦ vi
    Dep to mark;
    defender al hombre to mark man for man, to man-mark;
    defender en zona to use a zone defence
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 defend (de against)
    2 en fútbol mark
    II v/i en fútbol mark
    * * *
    defender {56} vt
    : to defend, to protect
    * * *
    1. (en general) to defend
    2. (proteger) to protect

    Spanish-English dictionary > defender

  • 10 zu

    Präp. (+ Dat)
    1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s); bis zu up to; zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see s.o.; zu Tal fahren, gleiten etc.: downhill; Boden 2, Kopf 2 etc.
    2. räumlich, Lage: at, in; zu Berlin in ( amtlich: at) Berlin; der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral; zu ebener Erde at ground level; zu jemandes Füßen at s.o.’s feet; zu Hause at home; zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine; zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea; Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)
    3. zeitlich, Zeitpunkt: at; Zeitraum: over; Anlass: for; noch zehn Minuten ( bis) zu... another ten minutes before...; zu Beginn at the beginning; zu Weihnachten at Christmas; schenken etc.: for Christmas; Lebzeiten
    4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for; zu etw. gut sein be good for s.th.; Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress
    5. Ergebnis ausdrückend: (in)to; es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted; zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes; zu etw. werden turn into s.th.; Person: auch become s.th.; zu meiner Freude / Überraschung to my delight / surprise
    6. Beziehung ausdrückend: for; thematisch: about, on; sich äußern zu say s.th. about; gehören zu belong to; gemein / nett zu nasty / nice to; passen zu suit; der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door; Liebe / Zuneigung zu jemandem love / affection for s.o.; aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for her
    7. Zusammensein: (mit) with; (hinzu) to; sich zu jemandem setzen sit with s.o., join s.o., sit (down) next to s.o.; Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg; Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee; zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass... and on top of all that...
    8. Art und Weise: zu Fuß on foot; zu Pferd kommen come on horseback; zu Deutsch in German
    9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc.: in; nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent; ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used; zu zweit nebeneinander gehen walk along two by two; sie kamen zu sechst six of them came; zu hunderten oder Hunderten in hundreds; es ist zu 20% / einem Viertel falsch 20% / a quarter of it is incorrect; ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-lit|re (Am. -er) barrel; zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (а, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros
    10. Zahlenverhältnis: 3 zu 1 three to one; SPORT bei Ergebnisangaben: three-one
    11. Adelsprädikat: Graf zu Pappenheim Count of Pappenheim; Hilfe 1 etc., zum, zur
    —
    Adv.
    1. (übermäßig) too; zu sehr too much; zu sehr betonen overemphasize; das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended; ( viel) zu viel / viele (far oder much) too much / many; einer etc. zu viel one etc. too many; einmal zu viel once too often; ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement; ich krieg zu viel! umg. well blow me down!; was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!; zu wenig not enough, too little (Pl. few); viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (Pl. few); einer etc. zu wenig one etc. short, one etc. too few; du isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more
    2. umg. (sehr) too, so, terribly; zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!; das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iro. (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!
    3. umg.: immer oder nur zu! go on!; na, dann ( mal) zu! OK, go ahead; beim Aufbruch: OK, let’s go, off we (bzw. you) go then
    4. Richtung: nach Norden zu toward(s) the north; zeitlich: auf oder gegen... zu toward(s)
    —
    I Adj. umg.
    1. zu sein Fenster, Mund etc.: be closed, be shut; eine zu(n) e Tür etc. a closed door etc.
    2. zu sein (verstopft) Nase: be blocked; Ader, Straße, Zufahrt: be blocked
    4. zu sein (betrunken) be plastered, be pissed Sl.; (im Drogenrausch) be out of it
    II Adv. (Ggs. offen) closed, shut; Augen zu! close your eyes; Tür zu! shut the door!
    —
    Konj.
    1. (+ Inf.): ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do; es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked; gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable; ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort: auszuhalten sein be bearable
    2. (+ Part. Präs.): ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort: die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged
    * * *
    at (Präp.); on (Präp.); upon (Präp.); too (Adv.); to (Präp.); unto (Präp.); for (Präp.); into (Präp.);
    (geschlossen) closed (Adj.)
    * * *
    [tsuː]
    1. PRÄPOSITION (+dat)
    1) örtlich: Richtung, Ziel to

    zum Bäcker/Arzt gehen — to go to the baker's/doctor's

    zum Militär gehen, zu den Soldaten gehen — to join the army, to join up

    zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen — to look up at sb/sth

    zu jdm herübersehen/hinübersehen — to look across at sb

    zum Fenster herein/hinaus — in (at)/out of the window

    zur Tür hinaus/herein — out of/in the door

    2) örtlich: Lage bei Stadt in

    der Dom zu Köln — the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral

    zu seiner Linken saß... (geh) — on his left sat...

    3) zeitlich at

    zu früher/später Stunde — at an early/late hour

    (bis) zum 15. April/Donnerstag/Abend — until 15th April/Thursday/(this) evening

    die Zahlung ist zum 15. April fällig — the payment is due on 15th April

    zum 31. Mai kündigen — to give in (Brit) or turn in (US) one's notice for 31st May

    4)

    Zusammengehörigkeit, Begleitung, Zusatz Wein zum Essen trinken — to drink wine with one's meal

    zur Gitarre singen — to sing to (Brit) or with (US) a/the guitar

    Vorwort/Anmerkungen zu etw — preface/notes to sth

    zu dem kommt noch, dass ich... — on top of that I...

    5) Zweck, Bestimmung for

    Papier zum Schreiben — paper to write on, writing paper

    zur Einführung... — by way of (an) introduction...

    zu seiner Entschuldigung muss man sagen... — in his defence (Brit) or defense (US) one must say...

    zu seiner Entschuldigung sagte er... — by way of apology he said...

    zu nichts taugen, zu nichts zu gebrauchen sein — to be no use to anyone (inf)

    6)

    Anlass etw zum Geburtstag/zu Weihnachten bekommen — to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmas

    zu Ihrem 60. Geburtstag — on your 60th birthday

    zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen — my reply to this question is as follows, on this I would like to say the following

    "Zum Realismusbegriff" — "On the Concept of Realism"

    7)

    Folge, Umstand zu seinem Besten — for his own good

    zu meiner Schande/Freude etc — to my shame/joy etc

    es ist zum Weinen — it's enough to make you cry, it makes you want to cry

    8)

    Mittel, Art und Weise zu Fuß/Pferd — on foot/horseback

    9) Veränderung into

    zu etw werden — to turn into sth; (Mensch auch) to become sth

    jdn/etw zu etw machen — to make sb/sth (into) sth

    10) = als as

    er machte sie zu seiner Frau, er nahm sie zur Frau — he made her his wife

    11)

    Verhältnis, Beziehung Liebe zu jdm — love for sb

    Vertrauen zu jdm/etw — trust in sb/sth

    12)

    in Vergleichen im Vergleich zu — in comparison with, compared with

    3:2 — the score is 3-2 or (gesprochen) three-two

    See:
    13)

    bei Zahlenangaben zu zwei Prozent — at two per cent (Brit) or percent (US)

    zum Ersten..., zum Zweiten... (Aufzählung) — first..., second...

    zum Ersten, zum Zweiten, zum Dritten (bei Auktion) — for the first time, for the second time, for the third time

    See:
    → vier, bis
    14)

    mit Fragepronomen zu wem wollen Sie? — who do you want?

    zu wem sprechen Sie morgen bei der Konferenz? — who will you be speaking to or who will you be addressing at the conference tomorrow?

    15)

    bei Namen der Graf zu Ehrenstein — the Count of Ehrenstein

    16)

    getrenntes "dazu" inf da komme ich nicht zu — I can't get (a)round to it

    See:
    → dazu
    17)

    andere Wendungen zum Beispiel — for example

    zum Lobe von jdm/etw — in praise of sb/sth

    zur Beurteilung/Einsicht — for inspection

    zur Probe/Ansicht — on trial/approval

    2. ADVERB
    1) = allzu too

    sie liebte ihn zu sehr, als dass sie ihn verraten hätte — she loved him too much to betray him

    2) = geschlossen shut, closed

    auf/zu (an Hähnen etc) — on/off

    3)

    = los, weiter inf dann mal zu! — right, off we go!

    du wolltest mir was vorsingen, dann mal zu — you wanted to sing me something? OK, go ahead

    ihr seid auf dem richtigen Wege, nur zu! — you're on the right track, just keep going

    schreie nur zu, es hilft doch nichts! — scream then, but it won't do any good!

    lauft schon zu, ich komme nach — you go on, I'll catch you up

    4) örtlich toward(s)
    See:
    → ab
    3. ADJEKTIV
    (= geschlossen inf) Tür, Geschäft, Kiste etc shut; Kleid, Verschluss done up
    See:
    4. BINDEWORT

    jdm befehlen or den Auftrag erteilen, etw zu tun — to order sb to do sth

    das Material ist noch/nicht mehr zu gebrauchen — the material is still/is no longer usable

    ich habe noch zu arbeiten — I have still got (esp Brit) or I still have some work to do

    ich komme, um mich zu verabschieden — I've come to say goodbye

    2)

    mit Partizip noch zu bezahlende Rechnungen — outstanding bills

    das sind alles nur winzige, leicht zu übersehende Punkte — these are just small points that can easily be overlooked

    der zu prüfende Kandidat, der zu Prüfende — the candidate to be examined

    * * *
    1) (position: They are not at home; She lives at 33 Forest Road) at
    2) (direction: He looked at her; She shouted at the boys.) at
    3) (to the state or condition of: A tadpole turns into a frog; I've sorted the books into piles.) into
    4) (towards: They marched on the town.) on
    5) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) towards
    6) ((moving, facing etc) in the direction of: He walked toward the door; She turned towards him.) toward
    7) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) to
    8) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) to
    9) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) to
    10) to
    11) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) to
    12) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) to
    13) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) to
    14) (an old word for `to'.) unto
    * * *
    zu
    [tsu:]
    1. (wohin: Ziel) to
    \zum Schwimmbad geht es da lang! the swimming pool is that way!
    fahr mich bitte \zur Arbeit/Kirche/Schule please drive me to work/church/school
    wie weit ist es von hier \zum Bahnhof? how far is it from here to the train station?
    wie komme ich [von hier] \zur Post? how do I get [from here] to the post office?
    ich muss gleich \zum Arzt/ \zum Bäcker/ \zum Supermarkt I must go to the doctor's/baker's/supermarket
    morgen gehe ich \zu Rainer I'm going to see Rainer tomorrow
    \zu Bett gehen (geh) to go to bed
    \zum Militär gehen to join the army
    \zum Theater gehen to go on the stage [or into the theatre]
    sich akk \zu Tisch setzen (geh) to sit down to dinner
    2. (wohin: Richtung)
    das Zimmer liegt \zur Straße hin the room looks out onto the street
    der Kerl vom Nachbartisch sieht dauernd \zu uns rüber the bloke at the next table keeps looking across at us
    \zur Decke sehen to look [up] at the ceiling
    \zum Fenster hinaus/herein out of/in through the window
    \zur Tür hinaus/herein out of/in through the door
    \zum Himmel weisen to point heavenwards [or up at the heavens]
    \zu jdm/etw hinaufsehen to look up at sb/sth
    \zum Meer/zur Stadtmitte hin towards the sea/town centre
    3. (wohin: neben)
    ▪ \zu jdm/etw next to sb/sth
    darf ich mich \zu Ihnen setzen? may I sit next to [or beside] you?
    setz dich \zu uns [come and] sit with us
    legen Sie \zu den Tellern bitte jeweils eine Serviette put one serviette next to each plate
    4. (wo: Lage) at; (geh)
    sie ist schon \zu Bett she's already gone to bed
    \zu Hause at home
    \zu jds Rechten/Linken on sb's right/left [hand side]
    jdm \zur Seite sitzen (geh) to sit at sb's side
    5. (wo: vor Eigennamen, Ortnamen)
    der Dom \zu Köln the cathedral in Cologne, Cologne cathedral
    der Graf \zu Blaubeuren the Count of Blaubeuren
    der Gasthof \zum blauen Engel the Blue Angel Inn
    der Reichstag \zu Worms (hist) the Diet of Worms
    6. wann: Zeitpunkt at
    \zum 1. Januar fällig due on January 1st
    es muss [bis] zum Abend/14. März fertig sein it must be finished by this evening/March 14th
    \zum Wochenende fahren wir weg we are going away at [or AM on] the weekend
    \zu früher/später Stunde at an early/late hour
    \zu Mittag at [or by] midday/noon
    \zum Monatsende kündigen to give in one's notice for [or to take effect from] the end of the month
    \zu Ostern/Pfingsten/Weihnachten at Easter/Whitsun/Christmas
    letztes Jahr \zu Weihnachten last Christmas; s.a. Anfang, bis, Schluss, Zeit
    7. (wann, wozu: Anlass)
    eine Feier \zum Jahrestag der Revolution a celebration to mark the anniversary of the revolution
    \zum Frühstück trinkt sie immer Tee she always has tea at breakfast
    etw \zum Geburtstag/ \zu Weihnachten bekommen to get sth for one's birthday/for Christmas
    jdm \zu etw gratulieren to congratulate sb on sth
    \zu Ihrem 80. Geburtstag möchte ich Ihnen herzlichst gratulieren I'd like to congratulate you on the occasion of your 80th birthday
    8. (worüber: Thema)
    \zu dieser Frage möchte ich Folgendes sagen to this question I should like to say the following
    was sagst du \zu diesen Preisen? what do you say to these prices?
    eine Rede \zum Thema Umwelt a speech on the subject of the environment
    jdn \zu etw vernehmen to question sb about sth
    9. (wozu: Zweck, Ziel)
    der Knopf \zum Abstellen the off-button
    Papier \zum Schreiben paper to write on, writing paper
    Wasser \zum Trinken drinking water
    wir haben nichts \zum Essen we have nothing to eat
    gib dem Kind doch etwas \zum Spielen give the child something to play with
    auf die Reise habe ich mir etwas \zum Lesen mitgenommen I've brought something to read on the trip
    bei dem Regenwetter habe ich keine Lust \zum Wandern I don't fancy walking if it is raining
    das Zeichen \zum Aufbruch the signal to leave
    \zum Arzt geboren sein to be born to be a doctor
    sie sagte das nur \zu seiner Beruhigung she said that just to set his mind at rest
    \zur Ansicht on approval
    \zur Einsicht for inspection
    \zur Einführung... by way of an introduction...
    \zu seiner Entschuldigung/ \zur Erklärung in apology/explanation, by way of an apology/explanation
    jdn \zum Essen einladen to invite sb for a meal
    \zum Gedächtnis von jdm in memory of sb, in sb's memory
    \zu Hilfe! help!
    jdm \zu Hilfe kommen to come to sb's aid
    \zum Lobe von jdm/etw in praise of sb/sth
    \zu nichts taugen [o zu gebrauchen sein] to be no use at all
    \zur Probe as a trial [or test]
    \zur Unterschrift for signature [or signing]
    \zu was (fam) for what, why
    \zu was soll das gut sein? what do you need that for?, what is that for?
    er nahm sie \zur Frau he took her as his wife
    etw \zur Antwort geben to say sth in reply
    \zum Beispiel for example
    \zur Belohnung as a reward
    \zur Strafe as a punishment
    ▪ jdn/etw \zum Vorbild nehmen to take sb/sth as one's example, to model oneself on sb/sth
    \zur Warnung as a warning
    11. (womit zusammen: Begleitung)
    mögen Sie Milch/Zucker \zum Kaffee? do you take your coffee white [or with milk]/with sugar?
    \zu Lachs passt kein Rotwein red wine does not go with salmon
    etw \zu etw tragen to wear sth with sth
    12. (zu was: Zugehörigkeit)
    \zu den Lehrbüchern gehören auch Kassetten there are cassettes to go with the text books
    wo ist der Korken \zu der Flasche? where is the cork for this bottle?
    mir fehlt nur der Schlüssel \zu dieser Tür I've only got to find the key to this door
    13. (wie: Umstand, Art und Weise)
    sie erledigt alles \zu meiner Zufriedenheit she does everything to my complete satisfaction
    die Firma verkauft alles \zu niedrigsten Preisen the company sells everything at rock-bottom prices
    du hast dich \zu deinem Vorteil verändert you've changed for the better
    das ist ja \zum Lachen that's ridiculous [or really funny]
    das ist \zum Weinen it's enough to make you want to cry [or weep]
    \zu jds Bestem/Vorteil sein to be for one's own good/to one's advantage
    \zu Deutsch (veraltend) in German
    \zum Glück luckily
    14. (wie: Fortbewegungsart)
    \zu Fuß/Pferd on foot/horseback
    \zu Fuß gehen Sie etwa 20 Minuten it will take you about 20 minutes on foot
    \zu Schiff (veraltet) by ship [or sea
    15. (zu was: Ergebnis eines Vorgangs)
    \zu Asche verbrennen to burn to ashes
    Eiweiß \zu Schnee schlagen to beat the egg white until stiff
    Kartoffeln \zu einem Brei zerstampfen to mash potatoes
    \zum Erliegen/Stehen kommen to come to rest/a halt
    etw \zu Pulver zermahlen to grind sth [in]to powder
    \zu etw werden to turn into [or become] sth
    manch einer wird aus Armut \zum Dieb often it is poverty that turns sb into a thief
    wieder \zu Staub werden to [re]turn to dust
    er ist \zum Kapitän befördert worden he was promoted to captain
    sie wurde \zur Vorsitzenden gewählt she was elected chairman
    jdn \zu etw ernennen to nominate sb for sth
    jdn/etw \zu etw machen to make sb/sth into sth
    er machte sie \zu seiner Frau he made her his wife
    17. (zu wem: Beziehung)
    meine Beziehung \zu ihr my relationship with her
    Liebe \zu jdm love for sb
    aus Freundschaft \zu jdm because of one's friendship with sb
    Vertrauen \zu jdm/etw trust in sb/sth
    18. (wie: im Verhältnis zu) in relation [or proportion] to
    im Verhältnis 1 \zu 4 MATH in the ratio of one to four
    unsere Chancen stehen 50 \zu 50 our chances are fifty-fifty
    im Vergleich \zu... in comparison with..., compared to...
    19. SPORT
    Bayern München gewann mit 5 \zu 1 Bayern Munich won five-one
    das Fußballspiel ging unentschieden 0 \zu 0 aus the football match ended in a nil-nil draw
    \zu drei Prozent at three percent
    diese Äpfel habe ich \zu ein Euro das Stück gekauft I bought these apples for [or at] one euro each
    sechs [Stück] \zu fünfzig Cent six for fifty cents
    \zum halben Preis at half price
    wir sind \zu fünft in den Urlaub gefahren five of us went on holiday together
    sie kommen immer \zu zweit those two always come as a pair
    der Pulli ist nur \zur Hälfte fertig the jumper is only half finished
    hast du das Buch nur \zu einem Viertel gelesen? have you only read a quarter of the book?
    \zum ersten Mal for the first time
    \zum Ersten..., \zum Zweiten firstly..., secondly
    \zum Ersten, \zum Zweiten, \zum Dritten (bei Auktionen) going once, going twice, sold
    \zur Hauptsache mainly
    \zum Rechten schauen to look to the right
    \zum Voraus in front of
    \zum Vorn[e]herein from in front
    II. ADVERB
    1. (allzu) too
    ich wäre \zu gern mitgefahren I would have loved to have gone along
    \zu sehr too much
    er hat sich nicht \zu sehr bemüht he didn't try too [or very] hard
    2. (emph: zur Steigerung)
    das ist ja \zu schön! that's marvellous!; (iron) that's just great! iron
    das ist einfach \zu dumm! that's really too stupid!
    3. nachgestellt (örtlich) towards
    dem Ausgang \zu towards the exit
    nach hinten/vorne \zu towards the back/front
    4. (fam: weiter, los)
    dann mal \zu! go ahead!, off we go
    immer [o nur] \zu! go ahead!
    schimpf nur \zu, es hilft doch nichts go on, scream, it won't do any good
    mach \zu! hurry up!, get a move on!
    lauf schon \zu, ich komme nach you go on [or go on ahead], I'll catch up
    1. meist präd (geschlossen) shut, closed
    Tür \zu, es zieht! shut the door, there's a draught!
    dreh den Wasserhahn \zu! turn the tap off!
    [mach die] Augen \zu, ich hab da was für dich close your eyes, I've got sth for you
    \zu haben [o sein] to be shut [or closed]
    die Geschäfte haben [o sind] sonntags \zu stores are closed on Sundays
    vor der \zunen Tür stehen (sl) to stand in front of the closed door
    2. präd (fam: betrunken)
    ▪ \zu sein to be pissed fam!, to have had a skinful fam
    3. präd (fam: emotional unzugänglich)
    ▪ \zu sein:
    sie ist total \zu you can't get through to her
    was gibt es heute Mittag \zu essen? what are we having for lunch today?
    ohne es \zu wissen without knowing it
    ▪ jd hat etw \zu tun:
    ich habe \zu arbeiten I have some work to do
    sie hat \zu gehorchen she has to obey [or do as she is told]
    ich habe heute einiges \zu erledigen I have got a few things to do today
    ▪ etw ist \zu tun:
    die Rechnung ist bis Freitag \zu bezahlen the bill has to be paid by Friday
    dieser Auftrag ist unverzüglich \zu erledigen this task must be completed straight away
    ▪ um etw \zu tun:
    ich komme, um mich \zu verabschieden I have come to say goodbye
    da sind noch einige \zu bezahlende Rechnungen there are some outstanding bills
    es gibt verschiedene noch \zu kaufende Gegenstände some things still have to be bought
    der \zu Prüfende the candidate to be examined
    nicht \zu unterschätzende Probleme problems [that are] not to be underestimated
    * * *
    1.

    zu... hin — towards...

    er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place

    das passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress

    3) (Lage) at

    zu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left

    der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral

    das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn

    5) (Art u. Weise)

    zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise

    zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)

    zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos

    sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless

    zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent

    fünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps

    9) (Zweck) for
    10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into
    11) (über) about; on

    freundlich/ hässlich zu jemandem sein — be friendly/nasty to somebody; s. auch zum; zur

    2.
    1) (allzu) too

    er ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey

    das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!

    3) (ugs.)

    Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!

    4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)

    nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!

    3.
    1) (mit Infinitiv) to

    Haus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let

    2) (mit 1. Part.)

    die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with

    * * *
    zu1 präp (+dat)
    1. räumlich, Richtung: to, toward(s);
    bis zu up to;
    zu jemandem gehen go and ( oder to) see sb;
    zu Tal fahren, gleiten etc: downhill; → Boden 2, Kopf 2 etc
    2. räumlich, Lage: at, in;
    zu Berlin in ( amtlich: at) Berlin;
    der Dom zu Köln Cologne Cathedral;
    zu ebener Erde at ground level;
    zu jemandes Füßen at sb’s feet;
    zu Hause at home;
    zu beiden Seiten des Rheins on both sides of the Rhine;
    zu Wasser und zu Lande on land and at sea;
    Gasthof zu den drei Eichen the Three Oaktrees (Inn)
    3. zeitlich, Zeitpunkt: at; Zeitraum: over; Anlass: for;
    noch zehn Minuten (bis) zu … another ten minutes before …;
    zu Beginn at the beginning;
    zu Weihnachten at Christmas; schenken etc: for Christmas; → Lebzeiten
    4. (für) Zweck, Ziel: for;
    zu etwas gut sein be good for sth;
    Stoff zu einem Kleid material for a dress
    es kam zu einem Skandal it blew up into a scandal, a scandal resulted;
    zu Asche verbrennen burn to ashes;
    zu etwas werden turn into sth; Person: auch become sth;
    zu meiner Freude/Überraschung to my delight/surprise
    6. Beziehung ausdrückend: for; thematisch: about, on;
    sich äußern zu say sth about;
    gehören zu belong to;
    gemein/nett zu nasty/nice to;
    passen zu suit;
    der Schlüssel zur Gartentür the key to the garden door;
    Liebe/Zuneigung zu jemandem love/affection for sb;
    aus Freundschaft zu ihr out of friendship for her
    7. Zusammensein: (mit) with; (hinzu) to;
    sich zu jemandem setzen sit with sb, join sb, sit (down) next to sb;
    Brot zum Ei essen have bread with one’s egg;
    Zucker zum Kaffee nehmen take sugar in one’s coffee;
    zu alledem kommt noch hinzu, dass … and on top of all that …
    zu Fuß on foot;
    zu Pferd kommen come on horseback;
    zu Deutsch in German
    9. Menge, Zahl, Häufigkeit, Verhältnis etc: in;
    nur zu einem kleinen Teil only to a small extent;
    ein Potenzial, das nur zu einem kleinen Teil genutzt wird a potential only a small part of which is actually used;
    zu zweit nebeneinandergehen walk along two by two;
    sie kamen zu sechst six of them came;
    Hunderten in hundreds;
    es ist zu 20%/einem Viertel falsch 20%/a quarter of it is incorrect;
    ein Fass zu 50 Litern a 50-litre (US -er) barrel;
    zehn Karten zu zwei Euro (à, je) ten tickets at two euros (a ticket); insgesamt: ten tickets for two euros
    3 zu 1 three to one; SPORT bei Ergebnisangaben: three-one
    Graf zu Pappenheim Count of Pappenheim; → Hilfe 1 etc, zum, zur
    zu2 adv
    zu sehr too much;
    zu sehr betonen overemphasize;
    das Loch ist zu groß, als dass man es noch flicken könnte the hole is too big to be mended;
    (viel) zu viel/viele (far oder much) too much/many;
    einer etc
    zu viel one etc too many;
    einmal zu viel once too often;
    ein gutes Gehalt wäre zu viel gesagt a good salary would be a bit of an overstatement;
    ich krieg zu viel! umg well blow me down!;
    was zu viel ist, ist zu viel! enough is enough!;
    zu wenig not enough, too little (pl few);
    viel zu wenig not nearly enough, far too little (pl few);
    einer etc
    zu wenig one etc short, one etc too few;
    du isst zu wenig you don’t eat enough, you need to eat more
    2. umg (sehr) too, so, terribly;
    zu niedlich! how terribly sweet!;
    das ist ja zu nett! (sehr nett) that’s really very nice!; iron (sehr gemein) how terribly nice (of you)!; (sehr ärgerlich) a fine thing, I must say!
    3. umg:
    nur zu! go on!;
    na, dann (mal) zu! OK, go ahead; beim Aufbruch: OK, let’s go, off we (bzw you) go then
    nach Norden zu toward(s) the north; zeitlich:
    gegen … zu toward(s)
    zu3
    A. adj umg
    1.
    zu sein Fenster, Mund etc: be closed, be shut;
    eine zu(n)e Tür etc a closed door etc
    2.
    zu sein (verstopft) Nase: be blocked; Ader, Straße, Zufahrt: be blocked
    3.
    4.
    zu sein (betrunken) be plastered, be pissed sl; (im Drogenrausch) be out of it
    B. adv (Ggs offen) closed, shut;
    Augen zu! close your eyes;
    Tür zu! shut the door!
    zu4 konj
    1. (+inf):
    ich habe zu arbeiten I’ve got work to do;
    es ist nicht zu übersehen it can’t be overlooked;
    gut zu gebrauchen sein be perfectly usable;
    ich erinnere mich, ihn gesehen zu haben I remember seeing him; auch im Wort:
    auszuhalten sein be bearable
    2. (+ ppr):
    ein sorgfältig zu erwägender Plan a plan requiring careful consideration; auch im Wort:
    die auszuwechselnden Fahrzeugteile the parts to be exchanged
    * * *
    1.

    zu... hin — towards...

    er kommt zu mir — (besucht mich) he is coming to my place

    das passt nicht zu Bier/zu dem Kleid — that doesn't go with beer/with that dress

    3) (Lage) at

    zu seiner Linken — (geh.) on his left

    der Dom zu Speyer — (veralt.) Speyer Cathedral

    das Gasthaus ‘Zu den drei Eichen’ — the Three Oaks Inn

    5) (Art u. Weise)

    zu meiner Zufriedenheit/Überraschung — to my satisfaction/surprise

    zu seinem Vorteil/Nachteil — to his advantage/disadvantage; (bei Mengenangaben o. Ä)

    zu Dutzenden/zweien — by the dozen/in twos

    sie sind zu einem Drittel/zu 50 % arbeitslos — a third/50 % of them are jobless

    zu einem großen Teil — largely; to a large extent

    fünf Briefmarken zu fünfzig [Cent] — five 50-cent stamps

    9) (Zweck) for
    10) (Ziel, Ergebnis) into
    11) (über) about; on

    freundlich/ hässlich zu jemandem sein — be friendly/nasty to somebody; s. auch zum; zur

    2.
    1) (allzu) too

    er ist zu alt, um diese Reise zu unternehmen — he is too old to undertake this journey

    das ist ja zu schön/komisch! — that's really wonderful/hilarious!; that's too wonderful/hilarious for words!

    3) (ugs.)

    Augen/Tür zu! — shut your eyes/the door!

    4) (ugs.): (Aufforderung)

    nur zu! — (fang/fangt an!) get going!; get down to it!; (mach/macht weiter!) get on with it!

    3.
    1) (mit Infinitiv) to

    Haus zu verkaufen/vermieten — house for sale/to let

    2) (mit 1. Part.)

    die zu erledigende Post — the letters pl. to be dealt with

    * * *
    adv.
    too adv. konj.
    for conj. präp.
    at prep.
    to prep.
    toward prep.
    towards prep.
    unto prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > zu

  • 11 descriptor

    m.
    1 describer, narrator.
    2 descriptor, describer.
    * * *
    = descriptor, descriptor term, epithet, index term, subject term, catchword, subject description, index word.
    Ex. Descriptors are terms which are acceptable for use in indexes to describe concepts.
    Ex. The MEDLINE thesaurus, available online and ondisc, provides a complete list of all descriptor terms (i.e. the controlled vocabulary used in the subject indexing of all Medline citations).
    Ex. He also allows Christian names accompanied by an epithet (Aunt Jane, for example) to be used as headings for the main entry.
    Ex. This access is achieved by organising the tools so that a user may search under a specific access point or heading or index term, for example, subject term, author, name, title, date.
    Ex. In alphabetical indexing languages, such as are embodied in thesauri and subject headings lists, subject terms are the alphabetical names of the subjects.
    Ex. These summaries are a valuable aid to classification by ensuring that the classifier finds the correct discipline rather than a catchword in the index.
    Ex. During searching the index user is expected to formulate headings in the same way, and hopefully to match his subject description with the indexer's description.
    Ex. The Permuterm index (as featured in Science, and Social Sciences Citation Indexes) is similar to a Double-KWIC index in that it provides for simple coordination of index words.
    ----
    * búsqueda por descriptores = descriptor searching.
    * descriptor auxiliar = auxiliary descriptor.
    * descriptor compuesto = multi-word descriptor.
    * descriptor compuesto de varias palabras = multiple-word descriptor.
    * descriptor del contenido = content descriptor.
    * descriptor de materia = subject descriptor.
    * descriptor principal = major descriptor.
    * descriptor propuesto = candidate descriptor.
    * descriptor secundario = minor descriptor.
    * indización por descriptores = descriptor indexing.
    * lista de descriptores = index vocabulary, subject vocabulary.
    * materia representada por un solo descriptor = one-concept subject.
    * materia representada por varios descriptores = multi-concept subject.
    * no descriptor = non-descriptor.
    * * *
    = descriptor, descriptor term, epithet, index term, subject term, catchword, subject description, index word.

    Ex: Descriptors are terms which are acceptable for use in indexes to describe concepts.

    Ex: The MEDLINE thesaurus, available online and ondisc, provides a complete list of all descriptor terms (i.e. the controlled vocabulary used in the subject indexing of all Medline citations).
    Ex: He also allows Christian names accompanied by an epithet (Aunt Jane, for example) to be used as headings for the main entry.
    Ex: This access is achieved by organising the tools so that a user may search under a specific access point or heading or index term, for example, subject term, author, name, title, date.
    Ex: In alphabetical indexing languages, such as are embodied in thesauri and subject headings lists, subject terms are the alphabetical names of the subjects.
    Ex: These summaries are a valuable aid to classification by ensuring that the classifier finds the correct discipline rather than a catchword in the index.
    Ex: During searching the index user is expected to formulate headings in the same way, and hopefully to match his subject description with the indexer's description.
    Ex: The Permuterm index (as featured in Science, and Social Sciences Citation Indexes) is similar to a Double-KWIC index in that it provides for simple coordination of index words.
    * búsqueda por descriptores = descriptor searching.
    * descriptor auxiliar = auxiliary descriptor.
    * descriptor compuesto = multi-word descriptor.
    * descriptor compuesto de varias palabras = multiple-word descriptor.
    * descriptor del contenido = content descriptor.
    * descriptor de materia = subject descriptor.
    * descriptor principal = major descriptor.
    * descriptor propuesto = candidate descriptor.
    * descriptor secundario = minor descriptor.
    * indización por descriptores = descriptor indexing.
    * lista de descriptores = index vocabulary, subject vocabulary.
    * materia representada por un solo descriptor = one-concept subject.
    * materia representada por varios descriptores = multi-concept subject.
    * no descriptor = non-descriptor.

    * * *
    ( Inf) descriptor
    * * *
    m INFOR descriptor

    Spanish-English dictionary > descriptor

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 Hauptanbieter

    Hauptanbieter
    major supplier;
    • Hauptangelegenheit primary business;
    • Hauptanliegen major (prime) concern, key objective, favo(u)rite cause;
    • Hauptanschluss (telecom.) direct [exchange] line;
    • Hauptanspruch (Patent) primary (main) claim;
    • Hauptanteil major portion;
    • Hauptantrieb primary driver;
    • Hauptanwärter prime candidate;
    • Hauptapparat (telecom.) master telephone;
    • Hauptarbeitgeber general employer;
    • Hauptartikel staple articles (commodities, goods), staple[s], bulk line;
    • Hauptattraktion chief attraction, star turn (Br.);
    • Hauptaufgabe basic job, key task;
    • Hauptauftragnehmer main contractor;
    • Hauptaugenmerk focus;
    • Hauptausfuhr bulk of export;
    • Hauptausfuhrgüter chief exports;
    • Hauptausgabe main edition;
    • Hauptbahnhof main (central, railroad, US) station;
    • Hauptbankplatz banking center (US) (centre, Br.);
    • Hauptbedingung main condition;
    • Hauptbegünstigter principal beneficiary;
    • Hauptbelastung mainstream charge, (el., Verkehr) peak [load];
    • Hauptberichterstatter general correspondent;
    • Hauptberuf chief (principal) occupation, main profession, leading business.

    Business german-english dictionary > Hauptanbieter

  • 14 sich

    abkühlen, sich
    (Konjunktur) to cool off.
    abmelden, sich
    to notify one’s departure.
    absprechen, sich
    to come to an arrangement, to agree;
    • sich mit seinen Mitarbeitern absprechen to consult with one’s fellow workers;
    • Schadenersatz absprechen to disallow damages.
    abwechseln, sich
    to take turns, to alternate;
    • jährlich abwechseln (Vorsitz) to rotate every year;
    • in Schichten abwechseln to rotate shifts.
    aneignen, sich
    to acquire, to appropriate, to adopt;
    • sich Geld aneignen to embezzle funds, to misappropriate (convert) money;
    • sich einen Namen aneignen to adopt a name.
    auspendeln, sich
    (Zinssätze) to stabilize at a certain level.
    auswirken, sich
    to bear upon, to take effect;
    • sich auf das Betriebsergebnis auswirken to come through into the results;
    • sich kostenmäßig auswirken to make a showing on costs;
    • sich in einer Preiserhöhung auswirken to result in a price increase;
    • sich schnell auswirken (Investitionen) to pick up quickly;
    • sich ungünstig auswirken to have an unfavo(u)rable effect;
    • sich voll auswirken to be in full swing;
    • sich als Vorteil auswirken to turn out to be an advantage.
    behaupten, sich
    to stand one’s ground, (Kurse) to hold their ground, to keep its head, to keep (remain) steady, to remain firm;
    • sich gut behaupten (Wechselkurs) to hold fairly steady;
    • weiterhin hohe Kurse behaupten to continue to rule high;
    • seine Rechte behaupten to safeguard one’s rights;
    • sich am Schluss behaupten oder leicht abschwächen (Börse) to close steady to slightly lower;
    • sich in seiner Stellung behaupten to hold one’s position;
    • seine Stellung im technologischen Wettbewerb behaupten to keep up in the technology race.
    behauptend, sich
    (Preis) steady.
    behelfen, sich
    to make shift, to manage, to resort to expedients;
    • sich ohne Sekretärin behelfen to do without the services of a secretary.
    belaufen, sich
    to come (mount up, run) to, to reach, to rise, to run into, to make;
    • sich auf 10.000 Euro belaufen to foot up (figure out) to euro 10,000 debts;
    • sich auf das Doppelte des Voranschlags belaufen to come to double the estimate;
    • insgesamt belaufen to aggregate, to total;
    • sich ungefähr belaufen to come near to.
    bereichern, sich
    to line one’s pockets, to make one’s pile;
    • sich an Kinderarbeit bereichern to exploit child labo(u)r;
    • sich öffentlich bereichern to enrich o. s. from public office.
    beruhigen, sich
    (Börse) to settle down, (politische Lage) to become stable, to ease;
    • Gläubiger mit einer Ratenzahlung beruhigen to put off a dun with an instal(l)ment.
    bewegen, sich
    (Preise) to range (vary) from... to...;
    • sich abwärts bewegen to be on the downgrade (skids, US);
    • sich fast einheitlich um die 20% bewegen to cluster around the 20 per cent mark;
    • sich entsprechend der Preisindexziffern bewegen to move in sympathy with the index figures of prices.
    bewerben, sich
    to apply for, to stand as a candidate for (Br.), to run, to [run as a] candidate, to seek, to go up (Br.), (um Lieferungen) to make a bid for, to tender, (um einen Preis) to compete for;
    • sich um ein Amt bewerben to run (stand) for an office (US);
    • sich um einen Auftrag bewerben to make a tender;
    • sich persönlich bewerben to make a personal application;
    • sich um eine Stelle (Stellung) bewerben to apply (run) for a position, to put in for a post (job, fam.), to compete for a job.
    bewähren, sich
    (Artikel) to stand the strain (test);
    • sich nicht bewähren to prove a failure.
    drehen, sich
    (Börse) to turn;
    • sich um ein Thema drehen to run on a subject.
    durchschlagen, sich
    to shift for a living;
    • kostenmäßig durchschlagen to make a showing on cost;
    • auf die Ladenverkaufspreise durchschlagen to work through to prices in the shops;
    • direkt auf die Preise durchschlagen to feed straight through into the prices.
    eignen, sich
    to qualify, to be suitable (qualified);
    • sich als Kapitalanlage eignen to be suitable for investment.
    einbürgern, sich
    to become established;
    • teilweise einbürgern to denizen;
    • wieder einbürgern to repatriate.
    einigen, sich
    to agree, to come to terms, to settle an issue (Br.);
    • sich über die Bedingungen einigen to agree upon the terms;
    • sich mit seinen Gläubigern einigen to compound with one’s creditors;
    • sich auf die Gründung einer Gesellschaft einigen to agree to form a company;
    • sich gütlich einigen to settle a matter amicably, to come to an amicable arrangement;
    • sich auf einen bestimmten Preis einigen to agree on a certain price;
    • sich vergleichsweise einigen to reach a settlement.
    einmischen, sich
    to intervene, to interfere, to meddle, to barge in (fam.);
    • sich in die Angelegenheiten eines Nachbarlandes einmischen to intervene in the affairs of a neighbo(u)ring country;
    • sich unaufgefordert (ungefragt) einmischen to meddle.
    einpendeln, sich
    (Kurse) to even out, to settle down.
    einschiffen, sich
    to embark, to get (go) aboard, to join one’s ship, to go on board, to [take] ship.
    einwählen, sich
    (Computer) to plug into.
    emporarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way up, to win one’s way from poverty.
    entschließen, sich
    to determine, to decide, to make up one’s mind, to resolve;
    • sich zu einem Kauf entschließen to decide on buying.
    ereignen, sich
    to occur, to happen, to take place.
    erholen, sich
    to recreate, to convalesce, to recuperate, to pick up, (Industrie) to be reviving, (Kurse) to look (pick, prick) up, to recover, to revive, to rally, to rise, to improve, (Markt) to improve, (sich schadlos halten) to make up for one’s losses, to repay (reimburse, recoup) o. s.;
    • sich bei jem. erholen to draw (reimburse o. s.) upon s. o.;
    • sich von einem geschäftlichen Fehlschlag erholen to recover from a business setback;
    • sich beim Giranten erholen to have recourse to the endorser of a note;
    • sich von den Nachwirkungen des Krieges erholen to recover from the effects of the war;
    • sich bei den Schlusskursen erholen to be improving at the close;
    • sich schnell erholen (Kurse) to brisk up;
    • sich wieder erholen (Kurse) to be picking up again, to experience a recovery;
    • sich finanziell wieder erholen to recover financially (one’s strength), to recuperate;
    • sich für eine Zahlung erholen to cover o. s.
    etablieren, sich
    to establish o. s., to set up shop for o. s., to start a business.
    festigen, sich
    to consolidate, (Börse, Kurse, Preise) to [become] firm, to steady, to stiffen, to strengthen, to harden, to stabilize;
    • Dollarkurs festigen to strengthen the dollar price;
    • seine Stellung festigen to strengthen one’s position, to solidify one’s place;
    • Währung festigen to stabilize the currency;
    • sich erneut im Vergleich mit anderen harten Währungen festigen to strengthen again against other major currencies;
    • Wechselkurse festigen to stabilize exchange rates.
    freizeichnen, sich
    to contract out, to exempt o. s. from a liability.
    gesundschrumpfen, sich
    to shrink to profitable size;
    • sich gesundstoßen to make a packet (fam.).
    heraufarbeiten, sich
    to work one’s way (o. s.) up (o. s. into a good position).
    herauskristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize, to take shape;
    • sich herausmachen (Firma) to make good progress;
    • sein Kapital herausnehmen to withdraw one’s capital;
    • Gehälter aus dem Preisindexsystem herausnehmen to disindex salaries from the price index;
    • Geld aus jem. herauspressen to squeeze money out of s. o.;
    • weitere Steuern aus dem Volk herauspressen to screw more taxes out of the people;
    • Gewinne aus einem fallenden und überbesetzten Markt herausprügeln müssen to be forced to slug it out in a slumping and overcrowded market;
    • Geld herausrücken to cough up (US sl.), to fork out (sl.);
    • Zahlungen herausschieben to postpone payment;
    • herausschinden to eke out;
    • Geld aus jem. herausschinden to extract money from s. o.;
    • zusätzliche Urlaubswoche herausschinden to wangle an extra week’s holiday;
    • Geld aus einer Sache herausschlagen to get one’s money’s worth;
    • allerlei Vorteile herausschlagen to gain all kinds of advantages;
    • Unfähige herausschmeißen to weed out the incompetents;
    • heraussetzen (Mieter) to evict, to eject, to turn out.
    herausstellen, sich
    to turn out, to prove;
    • besonders herausstellen (Presse) to feature (US coll.), to highlight (US);
    • sich als Fälschung herausstellen to prove to be a forgery;
    • groß herausstellen to give a build-up;
    • sich als sehr hoch herausstellen (Kosten) to come rather high;
    • sich als missglückt herausstellen (Anlage) to turn sour;
    • sich als Vorteil herausstellen to turn out to be an advantage.
    hinschleppen, sich
    to drag on.
    konkretisieren, sich
    (Forderung) to crystallize.
    konstituieren, sich
    (parl.) to assemble;
    • Ausschuss konstituieren to appoint a committee;
    • sich als eingetragene Gesellschaft konstituieren to form themselves into a registered corporation.
    kreuzen, sich
    to intersect, (Interessen) to clash, to run counter, (Straße) to cross.
    kristallisieren, sich
    to crystallize.
    kräftigen, sich
    (Kurs) to improve, to recover, (Markt) to strengthen;
    • Dollarkurs kräftigen to strengthen the dollar price.
    lebensversichern, sich
    to assure one’s life with a company (Br.);
    • sich für 20.000 L lebensversichern to insure (assure, Br.) o. s. for L 20,000;
    • sich gegenseitig lebensversichern to insure one’s own life for the benefit of the other;
    • seine Schlüsselkräfte lebensversichern to take out life policies on one’s key man.
    liieren, sich
    (Gesellschafter) to unite, to join, to associate, to become a partner.
    massieren, sich
    (Aufträge) to pile up.
    niederlassen, sich
    to set up for o. s., to take up one’s abode (domicile, residence), to locate, (Wohnsitz) to settle down;
    • sich als Anwalt niederlassen to settle down in the practice of law;
    • sich als Arzt niederlassen to put up (hang out) one’s shingle;
    • sich als Buchhändler niederlassen to establish o. s. (set up business) as a bookseller;
    • sich für dauernd niederlassen to settle down for good;
    • sich geschäftlich niederlassen to establish o. s. as a businessman, to set up for o. s., to set up shop, to set o. s. up in business;
    • sich im Hauptgeschäftsviertel niederlassen to fix one’s residence in the city;
    • sich widerrechtlich niederlassen to abate.
    rentieren, sich
    to pay [its way (for costs)], to pay well, to bring a return, (Betrieb) to be profitable, (Ware) to leave a margin;
    • sich gut rentieren to yield good profits;
    • sich nicht rentieren not to be worthwhile;
    • sich noch rentieren to break even;
    • sich gerade noch rentieren to wash its face (Br. sl.);
    • sich in zehn Jahren rentieren to pay its way in ten years.
    stabilisieren, sich
    to become stable;
    • Preise stabilisieren to stabilize (peg) prices.
    treffen, sich
    to meet, to gather, to assemble;
    • Abkommen treffen to come to an agreement (terms);
    • Anordnungen treffen to prescribe;
    • Auslese treffen to cull;
    • Buchung treffen to pass (effect) an entry;
    • Freigabeverfügungen für die Wirtschaftshilfe treffen to loosen its grip on the economic-aid purse strings;
    • auf Öl treffen to strike oil;
    • Steuerzahler heftig treffen to clobber the taxpayers;
    • Übereinkommen treffen to compact;
    • Übereinkunft treffen to come to an arrangement;
    • Verabredung treffen to make (fix) an appointment;
    • Verbraucher unmittelbar treffen to fall directly onto the consumer;
    • vorläufige Vereinbarung treffen to make a provisional arrangement;
    • Vorbereitungen (Vorkehrungen) treffen to make preparations;
    • Vorsichtsmaßregeln treffen to take precautionary measures.
    unterordnen, sich
    to subordinate o. s.
    verausgaben, sich
    to spend beyond one’s means, to run short of money.
    verbürgen, sich
    to [a]vouch, to undertake, to warrant, to guarantee, to stand surety, to bail;
    • sich für einen Bericht verbürgen to warrant a report;
    • sich für jds. Ehrlichkeit und Zuverlässigkeit verbürgen to warrant s. o. an honest and reliable person;
    • sich für eine Schuld verbürgen to answer for a debt;
    • sich für jds. Zahlungsfähigkeit verbürgen to vouch for s. one's ability to pay.
    verkalkulieren, sich
    to miscalculate, to overshoot.
    vermehren, sich
    to multiply;
    • sein Vermögen vermehren to enlarge one’s fortune;
    • Zahlungsmittelumlauf vermehren to expand the currency.
    verschulden, sich
    to run into debt, to take on debts, to involve o. s. (get into) debt, to outrun the constable (Br.), to run up a score (Br.);
    • sich kurzfristig erheblich verschulden to borrow heavily on a short-term basis;
    • sich erneut verschulden to run into debt again;
    • sich total verschulden (Staat) to plunge into debt;
    • sich ungewöhnlich verschulden to go into debt at a record chip (US).
    verschätzen, sich
    to be out in one’s calculation[s] (estimate).
    verspekulieren, sich
    to lose money by bad investment.
    verspäten, sich
    (Schiff, Zug) to be overdue (behind schedule, US).
    versteifen, sich
    (Markt) to tighten [up].
    verzweigen, sich
    to branch out.
    zurückhalten, sich
    to keep a low profile, (Börse) to stay on the sidelines, (Verbraucher) to hold back, to resist;
    • Aktien in Erwartung von Kurssteigerungen zurückhalten to hold stocks for a rise;
    • Informationsmaterial zurückhalten to hold back information;
    • Mittel zurückhalten to bottle up funds;
    • sich mit der Verwirklichung geplanter Kapazitätsausweitungen zurückhalten to hold back on bringing in planned new capacity;
    • restliche Ware zurückhalten to hold over the rest of the goods;
    • Waren unberechtigt zurückhalten to wrongfully detain goods.
    zurückmelden, sich
    to report one’s return;
    • sich vom Urlaub zurückmelden to report back from leave (one’s return).
    zusammenschließen, sich
    to amalgamate, to merge, to combine, to consolidate (US), (pol.) to unite, to fuse;
    • Arbeiter in einer Gewerkschaft zusammenschließen to unite workers in a trade union;
    • Firmen (Gesellschaften) zusammenschließen to consolidate business companies;
    • sich zu einem Kartell zusammenschließen to join a cartel;
    • sich in einem großen Unternehmen zusammenschließen to merge into one large organization;
    • sich zu einem Verein zusammenschließen to club.
    ändern, sich
    to vary;
    • Eintragung ändern to rectify (alter) an entry;
    • nachträglich ändern (Wechsel) to alter materially;
    • zweckentsprechend ändern to adapt.
    überschneiden, sich
    to overlap, to intersect, (Ereignisse) to clash;
    • sich mit einem anderen Termin überschneiden to clash with another date.

    Business german-english dictionary > sich

  • 15 surprise

    surprise2 [syʀpʀiz]
    feminine noun
    • avoir la surprise de voir que... to be surprised to see that...
    • avoir la bonne/mauvaise surprise de constater que... to be pleasantly/unpleasantly surprised to find that...
    • quelle bonne surprise ! what a pleasant surprise!
    ► par surprise [attaquer] by surprise
    * * *
    syʀpʀiz
    1.
    1) ( événement étonnant) surprise
    2) ( étonnement) surprise

    avoir la bonne surprise/la mauvaise surprise d'apprendre que — to be pleasantly surprised/unpleasantly surprised to hear that


    2.
    (-)surprise (in compounds)

    invité/visite surprise — surprise guest/visit

    * * *
    syʀpʀiz nf
    1) (= événement) surprise
    2) (= état, émotion) surprise

    La surprise de leurs adversaires fut totale. — Their adversaries were completely taken by surprise.

    À sa grande surprise, on accepta sa proposition. — To his great surprise, his suggestion was accepted.

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( événement étonnant) surprise; quelle surprise! what a surprise!; être or constituer une surprise to come as a surprise; c'est la surprise de la journée that's a big surprise; créer la surprise to cause a stir; créer une grosse surprise to cause a major stir; ne dis rien, on veut leur faire une surprise don't say anything, we want it to be a surprise;
    2 ( étonnement) surprise; à ma surprise to my surprise; il m'a fait la surprise de venir me voir he came to see me as a surprise; prendre qn par surprise to take sb by surprise; ne pas dissimuler sa surprise not to hide one's surprise; Lyon a créé la surprise (en battant Auxerre) Lyons produced an upset (by beating Auxerre); ma surprise a été de constater que I was surprised to find that; avoir la surprise/la bonne surprise/la mauvaise surprise d'apprendre que to be surprised/pleasantly surprised/unpleasantly surprised to hear that; nulle surprise à ce que tu sois déçu no wonder you are disappointed; discours/élection/voyage sans surprise uneventful speech/election/trip; l'élection a été sans surprise the election went as expected; candidat sans surprise ( prévu) expected candidate; ( morne) unexceptional; gagner sans surprise to win as expected;
    3 ( plaisir inattendu) surprise; quelle gentille surprise! what a lovely surprise!
    B (-)surprise ( in compounds) candidat/invité/décision/visite surprise surprise candidate/guest/decision/visit; démission/voyage surprise unexpected resignation/trip; hausse surprise shock increase; grève surprise lightning strike.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > surprise

  • 16 aniquilar

    v.
    1 to annihilate, to wipe out.
    2 to exterminate, to destroy, to kill, to annihilate.
    * * *
    1 to annihilate, destroy
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=destruir) [+ enemigo] to annihilate, destroy; [+ equipo rival] to crush, annihilate
    2) (=matar) to kill
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <enemigo/población> to annihilate, wipe out; <defensas/instalaciones> to destroy
    * * *
    = wipe out, massacre, decimate, annihilate, zap.
    Ex. Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.
    Ex. In the 1994 Rwandan genocide, 800,000 people were massacred.
    Ex. Insect pests decimate a significant proportion of the world's food supply and transmit a number of deadly human diseases.
    Ex. He intends to annihilate all the major world powers, until Islamic nations dominate the planet.
    Ex. This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <enemigo/población> to annihilate, wipe out; <defensas/instalaciones> to destroy
    * * *
    = wipe out, massacre, decimate, annihilate, zap.

    Ex: Strong economic forces, inflation and an over-strong pound wiped out any noticeable benefits of EEC membership to industry.

    Ex: In the 1994 Rwandan genocide, 800,000 people were massacred.
    Ex: Insect pests decimate a significant proportion of the world's food supply and transmit a number of deadly human diseases.
    Ex: He intends to annihilate all the major world powers, until Islamic nations dominate the planet.
    Ex: This electric fly swatter will zap any fly or mosquito with 1500 volts.

    * * *
    aniquilar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹enemigo/población› to annihilate, wipe out; ‹defensas/instalaciones› to destroy, obliterate
    la gripe que tuvo lo ha aniquilado that bout of flu he had has left him terribly weak o ( colloq) has really wiped him out
    los nervios la tienen aniquilada she's a nervous wreck
    la aniquiló 6-0, 6-0 she crushed her 6-0, 6-0
    me aniquiló con sus argumentos he crushed o annihilated o destroyed me with his arguments
    es tan dominante que lo ha aniquilado como persona she's so domineering that she has completely wiped out o destroyed his personality
    * * *

    aniquilar ( conjugate aniquilar) verbo transitivo ‹enemigo/población› to annihilate, wipe out;
    ‹defensas/instalaciones› to destroy
    aniquilar verbo transitivo to annihilate
    ' aniquilar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    annihilate
    - rout
    - wipe out
    - wipe
    * * *
    1. [destruir] to annihilate, to wipe out;
    los nazis aniquilaron a los judíos the Nazis exterminated the Jews;
    el candidato oficial aniquiló a la oposición the official candidate annihilated o destroyed the opposition;
    los tenistas suecos aniquilaron a sus rivales the Swedish tennis players annihilated o thrashed their opponents
    2. [abatir] to destroy;
    tres años en paro la aniquilaron moralmente three years of unemployment had totally demoralized her
    * * *
    v/t annihilate
    * * *
    1) : to annihilate, to wipe out
    2) : to overwhelm, to bring to one's knees

    Spanish-English dictionary > aniquilar

  • 17 selección

    f.
    1 selection, choice, option, pick.
    2 screening.
    * * *
    1 (gen) selection
    2 DEPORTE (gen) team; (fútbol) squad
    \
    selección natural natural selection
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) selection
    2) (Dep)

    selección absoluta, selección nacional — national team, national side

    3) pl selecciones (Literat, Mús) selections
    * * *
    femenino selection

    la selección de los candidatos fue muy difícil — selecting o choosing the candidates was very difficult

    la selección nacional — (Dep) the national team

    hoy juega la selección — Spain (o Colombia etc) are playing today

    * * *
    = recruitment, selection, selectivity, winnowing, screening, recruiting, selective listing, pick, sift, targeting, vetting, draft.
    Ex. For 'concept' may be read any relatively elementary term such as Libraries, Staff, Buildings, recruitment, Chemistry.
    Ex. Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.
    Ex. These have the advantages of economy, and (if the subscriber desires) selectivity because the records on the proof sheets are divided into broad categories which can be obtained separately.
    Ex. The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.
    Ex. Proper screening of job applicants can add to the security of the library without adding significantly to the budget.
    Ex. Successful recruiting of strong faculty requires some drastic shifts in thinking about what librarianship is as a discipline.
    Ex. A selective listing of major business information data bases is provided.
    Ex. The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex. The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.
    Ex. An analysis of customers in terms of benefits can inform effective segmentation, which in turn can lead to more efficient targeting of resources.
    Ex. Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.
    Ex. Nevada's all-time leading scorer is leaving school to get a head start on the NBA's 2007 draft.
    ----
    * barra en vídeo inverso de selección en pantalla = highlighting bar.
    * botón de selección = radio button.
    * caer por selección = drop.
    * casilla de selección = check box [checkbox].
    * comité de selección = screening panel, search and screen committee, search committee.
    * criterio de selección = selection criterion.
    * herramientas para la selección = selection tools.
    * instrumento de selección = selection aid.
    * lista de selección = pick-list.
    * procedimiento de selección = selection procedures, screening procedure.
    * proceso de selección = screening process, selection process.
    * realizar una selección = undertake + selection.
    * recuadro de selección = check box [checkbox].
    * responsable de la selección = selector.
    * selección de documentos = document selection, selection of documents.
    * selección de fondos = stock selection.
    * selección de la pareja = mate selection.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * selección de material = materials selection.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * selección de productos = merchandise selection.
    * selección de términos = extraction of terms, term selection.
    * selección de textos = selected writings.
    * selección natural = natural selection.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * ventana de selección = dialogue box.
    * * *
    femenino selection

    la selección de los candidatos fue muy difícil — selecting o choosing the candidates was very difficult

    la selección nacional — (Dep) the national team

    hoy juega la selección — Spain (o Colombia etc) are playing today

    * * *
    = recruitment, selection, selectivity, winnowing, screening, recruiting, selective listing, pick, sift, targeting, vetting, draft.

    Ex: For 'concept' may be read any relatively elementary term such as Libraries, Staff, Buildings, recruitment, Chemistry.

    Ex: Unfortunately documents which present dilemmas in the selection of author headings are present in even the smallest library collections.
    Ex: These have the advantages of economy, and (if the subscriber desires) selectivity because the records on the proof sheets are divided into broad categories which can be obtained separately.
    Ex: The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.
    Ex: Proper screening of job applicants can add to the security of the library without adding significantly to the budget.
    Ex: Successful recruiting of strong faculty requires some drastic shifts in thinking about what librarianship is as a discipline.
    Ex: A selective listing of major business information data bases is provided.
    Ex: The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex: The method of work agreed was that the chairperson would make a first sift of proposals and divide them into two groups.
    Ex: An analysis of customers in terms of benefits can inform effective segmentation, which in turn can lead to more efficient targeting of resources.
    Ex: Criminal record checks have been an accepted form of pre-employment vetting for those with access to children for some years.
    Ex: Nevada's all-time leading scorer is leaving school to get a head start on the NBA's 2007 draft.
    * barra en vídeo inverso de selección en pantalla = highlighting bar.
    * botón de selección = radio button.
    * caer por selección = drop.
    * casilla de selección = check box [checkbox].
    * comité de selección = screening panel, search and screen committee, search committee.
    * criterio de selección = selection criterion.
    * herramientas para la selección = selection tools.
    * instrumento de selección = selection aid.
    * lista de selección = pick-list.
    * procedimiento de selección = selection procedures, screening procedure.
    * proceso de selección = screening process, selection process.
    * realizar una selección = undertake + selection.
    * recuadro de selección = check box [checkbox].
    * responsable de la selección = selector.
    * selección de documentos = document selection, selection of documents.
    * selección de fondos = stock selection.
    * selección de la pareja = mate selection.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * selección de material = materials selection.
    * selección de personal = personnel recruitment.
    * selección de productos = merchandise selection.
    * selección de términos = extraction of terms, term selection.
    * selección de textos = selected writings.
    * selección natural = natural selection.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * ventana de selección = dialogue box.

    * * *
    (acción) selection; (conjunto de cosas, personas) selection
    la selección de los candidatos fue muy difícil selecting o choosing the candidates o the selection of the candidates was very difficult
    una empresa de selección de personal an employment o a recruitment agency
    una selección representativa de su obra a representative selection o sample of her work
    hizo una selección de los mejores she selected the best ones
    la selección nacional ( Dep) the national team
    hoy juega la selección Spain ( o Colombia etc) are playing today
    Compuesto:
    natural selection
    * * *

     

    selección sustantivo femenino
    selection;

    la selección mexicana (Dep) the Mexican national team
    selección sustantivo femenino
    1 selection
    2 Dep team
    la selección nacional, the national team

    ' selección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dedo
    - criba
    English:
    array
    - narrow
    - range
    - seed
    - selection
    - trial
    - choice
    - for
    * * *
    1. [acción] selection;
    hizo una selección de los cuadros más interesantes he made a selection of the most interesting paintings;
    una prueba de selección de candidatos a candidate selection test;
    test de selección múltiple multiple-choice test
    selección natural natural selection;
    2. [equipo] team;
    selección (nacional) national team
    * * *
    f selection;
    selección de residuos waste separation
    * * *
    selección nf, pl - ciones
    1) elección: selection, choice
    2)
    selección natural : natural selection
    * * *
    1. (en general) selection
    2. (en deporte) team

    Spanish-English dictionary > selección

  • 18 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 19 résumé

    HR
    a document that provides a summary of personal career history, skills, and experience. A résumé is usually prepared to aid in a job application. A job advertisement may ask either for a résumé or instead may require a candidate to complete an application form.
         Every résumé should include the following: the jobseeker’s name and contact details; a clear and concise description of his or her career objective; some kind of outline of work experience; and a list of education and qualifications. It is important to customize a résumé to the type of job or career being applied for, and to make sure it has impact: a hiring manager receives an average of over 120 résumés for every job opening.
         There are four basic types of résumé: the chronological, the functional, the targeted, and the capabilities résumé. A chronological résumé is useful for people who stay in the same field and do not make major career changes. They should start with and focus on the most recent positions held. A functional résumé is the preferred choice for those seeking their first professional job, or those making a major career change. It is based around 3–5 paragraphs, each emphasizing and illustrating a particular skill or accomplishment. A targeted résumé is useful for jobseekers who are very clear about their job direction and need to make an impressive case for a specific job. Like a functional résumé, it should be based around several capabilities and accomplishments that are relevant to the target job, focusing on action and results. A capabilities résumé is used for people applying for a specific job within their current organization. It should focus on 5–8 skills and accomplishments achieved with the company.
         The format of a résumé should also be considered—whether it is to be printed out, incorporated into an e-mail, posted on a Web site, or burned onto a CD-ROM. Different layout and design elements, such as the choice of fonts or inclusion of multimedia, are suitable for each medium, and should be thought through carefully.
    U.K. term CV

    The ultimate business dictionary > résumé

  • 20 señalar

    v.
    1 to indicate, to point at, to point out, to signal.
    Pedro apunta las necesidades de ella Peter points out her needs.
    2 to point.
    3 to point fingers, to accuse.
    * * *
    1 (marcar) to mark
    2 (rubricar) to sign and seal
    3 (hacer herida) to mark, scar
    4 (hacer notar) to point out
    5 (apuntar hacia) to point to, show
    6 (con el dedo) to point at
    7 (fijar - cita) to arrange, make; (fecha, lugar, precio) to set, fix
    8 (designar) to appoint
    9 (subrayar la importancia) to stress, underline
    1 (distinguirse) to distinguish oneself
    2 (sobresalir) to stand out
    * * *
    verb
    1) to indicate, show
    2) mark
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=indicar) [gen] to show; [con el dedo] to point

    señalar una falta — (Dep) to indicate a foul

    2) (=marcar) to mark
    3) (=destacar) to point out
    4) (=designar) [+ fecha, precio] to fix, settle; [+ tarea] to set

    en el momento señalado — at the given moment, at the appointed time

    5) (Aut) [+ carretera, ruta] to signpost
    6) [+ ganado] to brand
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( indicar)

    me señaló la ruta en un mapa — he showed me the route o pointed out the route (to me) on a map

    2) (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3) ( afirmar) to point out

    señaló que... — she pointed out that...

    4) ( fijar) < fecha> to fix, set
    5) ( anunciar) to mark
    2.
    señalar vi to point
    3.
    señalarse v pron to distinguish oneself
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( indicar)

    me señaló la ruta en un mapa — he showed me the route o pointed out the route (to me) on a map

    2) (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3) ( afirmar) to point out

    señaló que... — she pointed out that...

    4) ( fijar) < fecha> to fix, set
    5) ( anunciar) to mark
    2.
    señalar vi to point
    3.
    señalarse v pron to distinguish oneself
    * * *
    señalar1
    1 = mark off, point to, tick (off), mark out, bring to + Posesivo + notice, mark + Nombre + down as.

    Ex: Human intervention may also be necessary to mark off the area in the string on the title page that should be indexed, and possibly to add an imprint date if not present.

    Ex: This article points to economically feasible and communication-based indexing methods which fit the potentials of current information technology.
    Ex: In particular note, for example by ticking them, those terms that merit a turn in the lead position, and those that do not.
    Ex: To infuse into that basic form an element of linguistic liveliness and wit, which marks out the best adult reviewers, is to ask far more than most children can hope to achieve.
    Ex: One moonlight night Sweeny was brought to our notice by his ejaculations of impatience at being obliged to come to a dead halt.
    Ex: One look convinced the employer that she was unsuited for the work, and he marked her down as unsuitable.
    * señalar a Alguien = put + Alguien + on the spot.
    * señalar con el dedo = point + the fingers at.
    * señalar con un círculo = circle.

    señalar2
    2 = bring to + Posesivo + attention, get at, indicate, mark, point, point out, signal, signify, stress, note, state, point + (a/the) finger(s) at.

    Ex: Errors in colleagues' work should be brought to their attention tactfully and not in the presence of others = A los compañeros se les debería hacer ver sus errores discretamente y no en presencia de otros.

    Ex: What I'm getting at is this: At least in the CIP entry that I have seen, LC, following customary practice, made a title entry for the main title, 'Women in Librarianship', but nothing under Melvil's 'Rib Symposium'.
    Ex: The general index of CC lists isolates and indicates where they may be found as in a relative index.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    Ex: An arrow pointing upwards indicates when the terminal is in insert mode.
    Ex: By means of the arrangement of document substitutes in library catalogues, and also by the arrangement of documents themselves, it is possible to point out, or indicate, classes of documents.
    Ex: Main classes are denoted by a capital letter, and in most classes a second capital letter is used to signal major sections or subclasses.
    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: However, it must be stressed that these problems are still in the future.
    Ex: In the future, a number of further developments can be fairly confidently predicted in addition to the expansion of those noted above.
    Ex: Short abstracts are generally preferred, but there are instances where the most effective approach is to cite the original unamended, and to state that this is what has been done.
    Ex: It is easy to point the fingers at the refs.
    * señalar diferencias = point out + differences, note + difference, point to + differences.
    * señalar las dificultades = note + difficulties.
    * señalar similitudes = point out + similarities.

    * * *
    señalar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    (indicar): nos señaló la ruta en un mapa she showed us the route o pointed out the route to us on a map
    me señaló con el dedo qué pasteles quería he pointed out to me which cakes he wanted
    las manecillas del reloj señalaban las doce the hands of the clock showed twelve
    B (marcar) to mark
    los he señalado con una cruz I've marked them with a cross, I've put a cross by them
    C (afirmar) to point out
    señaló la necesidad de abrir nuevos hospitales she pointed out the need to open new hospitals
    D (fijar) ‹fecha› to fix, set
    a la hora señalada at the appointed o arranged time
    señalaron el día 15 como fecha tope they set o fixed the deadline for the 15th
    en el lugar señalado in the appointed o agreed place
    E (anunciar) to mark
    la llegada de las cigüeñas señala el final del invierno the arrival of the storks marks o signals the end of winter
    to distinguish oneself
    se señaló por su heroísmo en la guerra during the war he distinguished himself by his heroism
    * * *

     

    señalar ( conjugate señalar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( indicar) ‹ruta/camino› to show;

    me señaló con el dedo he pointed at me (with his finger);
    señalarle algo a algn to show sb sth, point sth out to sb;
    me señaló con el dedo qué pasteles quería he pointed out (to me) which cakes he wanted
    2 (marcar con lápiz, rotulador) to mark
    3 ( afirmar) to point out;
    ◊ señaló que … she pointed out that …

    4 ( fijar) ‹ fecha› to fix, set;
    ◊ en el lugar señalado in the appointed o agreed place

    5 ( anunciar) to mark
    verbo intransitivo
    to point
    señalar verbo transitivo
    1 (con el dedo) to point at
    (desprestigiar)
    2 (apuntar, subrayar) me gustaría señalar que..., I would like to point out that...
    3 (señalizar) to indicate: la brújula señalaba el norte, the compass was pointing North
    4 (una fecha) to fix
    5 (dejar una marca o huella) el navajazo le señaló la cara, the knife wound scarred his face
    ' señalar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - indicar
    - marcar
    - dar
    - dedo
    - penalty
    - puntero
    - puntualizar
    English:
    appoint
    - designate
    - mark
    - must
    - pinpoint
    - point
    - point out
    - signal
    - at
    - give
    - indicate
    - show
    - single
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [marcar] to mark;
    [hora, temperatura] to indicate, to show;
    el termómetro señalaba 10 grados the thermometer showed 10 degrees;
    la brújula debe señalar el norte the compass should indicate north;
    cuando el reloj señale las doce when the clock says twelve;
    las elecciones de aquel año señalaron el comienzo de la transición that year's elections marked the beginning of the transition
    2. [apuntar] to point out;
    nos señaló con el dedo he pointed at us;
    no quiero señalar a nadie, pero… I don't want to point the finger at anyone, but…;
    la flecha señala el camino the arrow indicates the path;
    me señaló los errores que había cometido he showed me o pointed out to me the mistakes I had made
    3. [ser el inicio de] to mark, to signal;
    las lluvias señalan la llegada del monzón the rains signal o announce the arrival of the monsoon
    4. [recalcar] to point out;
    me gustaría señalar que… I'd like to point out that…
    5. [fijar] to set, to fix;
    aún no han señalado el día de la boda they haven't yet fixed the date of the wedding;
    señaló su valor en 1.000 dólares he set o fixed its value at 1,000 dollars
    6. [ganado] to brand
    * * *
    v/t
    1 indicate, point out;
    señalar a alguien con el dedo tb fig point at s.o.
    3 ( fijar) set, decide on
    * * *
    1) indicar: to indicate, to show
    2) : to mark
    3) : to point out, to stress
    4) : to fix, to set
    * * *
    1. (marcar) to mark
    2. (indicar) to point out / to show [pt. showed; pp. shown]
    3. (fijar) to set [pt. & pp. set] / to fix

    Spanish-English dictionary > señalar

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